Cau, Nicola. “Note Sulla Stele Di Xanthos: Tl 44B, 11–23 E 47–57.” Kadmos 42 (January 22, 2004): 50–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/kadm.42.1-2.50.
Xanthos Trilingual
Metadata
- Collection
- Fethiye Archaeology Museum (Public)
- Keyword
-
- Letter | Decree
- Language
- Aramaic
- Script
- Aramaic
- Find Type
- Excavation
- Material
- Stone
- Updated by
- James D. Moore, 2026-06-28
- Date (Metadata)
- Gregorian -337 [Persian, 5th cent. BCE]
- Date (Composition in text)
- Babylonian 0-0.iii Art 1 [Persian, 5th cent. BCE]
General Notes
The Cabinet du CIS holds very good quality small negatives of the original inscription in a wooden box labeled Diapositives. There is also a squeeze.
Dönmez, Aytaç, and Halil Mert Erdoğan. “Xanthos West Agora III: Dynastic Nele.” Adalya, no. 26 (December 29, 2023): 97–126. https://doi.org/10.47589/adalya.1414506.
Dupont-Sommer, André. “La stèle trilingue récemment découverte au Létôon de Xanthos : le texte araméen.” Comptes-rendus des séances de l année - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 118, no. 1 (1974): 132–49. https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1974.12975.
Hackl, Johannes, and Joachim Oelsner. “Babylonisches Zu Artaxerxes IV.” Klio 100, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 688–708. https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2018-0127.
Kottsieper, Ingo. “Zum Aramäischen Teil Der ‘Trilingue’ von Xanthos Und Ihrem Historischen Hintergrund.” In Ex Mesopotamia et Syria Lux: Festschrift for Manfried Dietrich on His 65th Birthday, edited by Oswald Loretz, Kai A. Metzler, and Hanspeter Schaudig, 209–43. AOAT 281. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2001.
Laroche, Emmanuel. “La stèle trilingue récemment découverte au Létôon de Xanthos : le texte lycien.” Comptes-rendus des séances de l année - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 118, no. 1 (1974): 115–25. https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1974.12971.
Lemaire, André. “The Xanthos Trilingual Revisited.” In Solving Riddles and Untying Knots: Biblical, Epigraphic, and Semitic Studies in Honor of Jonas C. Greenfield, edited by Ziony Zevit, Seymour Gitin, and Michael Sokoloff, 423–32. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns, 1995.
Metzger, Henri. “La stèle trilingue récemment découverte au Létôon de Xanthos : le texte grec.” Comptes-rendus des séances de l année - Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 118, no. 1 (1974): 82–93. https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1974.12963.
Zevit, Ziony, Seymour Gitin, and Michael Sokoloff, eds. Solving Riddles and Untying Knots: Biblical, Epigraphic, and Semitic Studies in Honor of James C Greenfield. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns, 1995.
Image
Textual Notes
The inscrption is written in Greek, Lycean, and Aramaic. Either the Lycean or Greek was probably the language of composition. Aramaic was a secondary/tertiary translation.
Text and Translation
Choose alternative texts and translations from the filter. Click individual words in a text for more details.
James Moore Last updated 07 April, 2026 by James D. Moore
James Moore Last updated 07 April, 2026 by James D. Moore
In the month of Sivan, year one of
Atraxerxes the king,
in Fort ˀÔrna, Pigsôda[ro(s)]
son of Katamno(s), the satrap
who is in Caria and Lycia, ⸢said⸣:
“The leaders of ˀÔrna
have considered to make the ◦◦P for Kandawaṣ
the god, a Caunian/a Kbydš-ian, and his colleagues.
And they made (as) the priest Sîmîn(as)
son of Koddôrosi. And there is a baga-estate
which the leaders of ⸢ˀÔ⸣rna gave
to the god Kandawaṣ. Year after year
from the land shall be given silver,
one and a half [mi]na. This priest
sacrifices on the new moon a (pure) sheep
to Kandawaṣ the god and ⸢sa⸣cri⸢fices⸣
year by year 1 bull. And (18) this (17) {statue |domain(?)}
([… ])is exempt—whatever is his.
Whoever holds possession-status wrote that law. Moreover,
if someone ever (legally) reclaims (it)
from the god Kandawaṣ or from
[thi]s priest, then (23) whoever brings (legal) reclamation (22) may ⸢b⸣<e> apart from Kandawaṣ
the god and his colleagues
and from the gods Leˀtô, ˀArtamôs,
Ḥšatrapatî, and others. Anyone
whoever brings (legal) reclamation, then ⸢the⸣se gods
will seek (recompense) from him.
Moore, James D.. 'Xanthos Trilingual.' DEAPS. 07 Jun, 2026. https://deaps.osu.edu/text_objects/11800. Accessed: 29 Jun, 2026.